The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. N Engl J Med. Shaffer EA. Epidemiology and risk factors for gallstone disease: has the paradigm changed in the 21st century?
Curr Gastroenterol Rep. Prevalence of gallstones in sonographic surveys worldwide. J Clin Ultrasound. Influence of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the prevalence of operations for gallstones in Norway.
Eur J Surg. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Tazuma S. Gallstone disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of biliary stones common bile duct and intrahepatic Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol.
The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. Burden of digestive diseases in the United States part I: overall and upper gastrointestinal diseases.
The burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases, Am J Gastroenterol. Gallstone disease is associated with increased mortality in the United States. Increased mortality with gallstone disease: results of a year population-based survey in Pima Indians. Ann Intern Med. Trends in incidence of acute pancreatitis in a Swedish population: is there really an increase? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Increased cholecystectomy rate after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Canada and Australia.
Health Policy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Increased cholecystectomy rates among Medicare patients after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Community Health. Digestive and liver diseases statistics, Gibney EJ. Asymptomatic gallstones. Br J Surg. Asymptomatic cholelithiasis: is cholecystectomy really needed? A critical reappraisal 15 years after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Dig Dis Sci. Development of symptoms and complications in individuals with asymptomatic gallstones.
The natural history of cholelithiasis: the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. Prophylactic cholecystectomy or expectant management for silent gallstones. A decision analysis to assess survival. Friedman GD. Natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones. Am J Surg. Kapoor VK. Cholecystectomy in patients with asymptomatic gallstones to prevent gall bladder cancer: the case against.
Indian J Gastroenterol. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in adults with sickle cell disease. Surg Endosc. Gastrointestinal and hepatic complications of sickle cell disease. Should cholecystectomy be performed for asymptomatic cholelithiasis in transplant patients?
J Am Coll Surg. Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity. Abdominal symptoms and gallstone disease: an epidemiological investigation. Traverso LW. Clinical manifestations and impact of gallstone disease. What symptoms does cholecystectomy cure? Insights from an outcomes measurement project and review of the literature.
Pain attacks in non-complicated and complicated gallstone disease have a characteristic pattern and are accompanied by dyspepsia in most patients: the results of a prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol. Relationship between persistence of abdominal symptoms and successful outcome after cholecystectomy.
Arch Intern Med. Pain persists in many patients five years after removal of the gallbladder: observations from two randomized controlled trials of symptomatic, noncomplicated gallstone disease and acute cholecystitis. J Gastrointest Surg. Risk assessment in cholelithiasis: is cholecystectomy always to be preferred? Factors that predict relief from upper abdominal pain after cholecystectomy.
Shaffer E. Acalculous biliary pain: new concepts for an old entity. Dig Liver Dis. Cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy in adults: consensus recommendations of an interdisciplinary panel. Cholecystectomy for suspected gallbladder dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in American Indian populations: findings from the Strong Heart Study. Genetic epidemiology of cholesterol cholelithiasis among Chilean Hispanics, Amerindians, and Maoris. Everhart JE. Gallstones and ethnicity in the Americas. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys. Special health problems of Mexican-Americans: obesity, gallbladder disease, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Adv Intern Med.
Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States. An ultrasound survey of gallbladder disease among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas: frequencies and risk factors. Ethn Dis. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Chandigarh: a community-based study.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Age is one of the risk factors in developing gallstone disease in Taiwan. Age Ageing. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in Sudan: first sonographic field study in adult population. Hepatolithiasis: epidemiology and pathogenesis update.
Front Biosci. Lammert F, Matern S. The genetic background of cholesterol gallstone formation: an inventory of human lithogenic genes. High familial prevalence of gallstones in the first-degree relatives of gallstone patients. An increased familial frequency of gallstones. The familial occurrence of gallstone disease.
Occurrence in husbands and wives. Acta Genet Stat Med. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43, twin pairs.
Rudkowska I, Jones PJ. Nutr Rev. Epidemiology of gallstones. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Mittal B, Mittal RD. Genetics of gallstone disease. J Postgrad Med. Human cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase CYP7A1 deficiency has a hypercholesterolemic phenotype.
J Clin Invest. In vitro effects of cholecystokinin fragments on human gallbladders. Evidence for an altered CCK-receptor structure in a subgroup of patients with gallstones. J Hepatol. Polymorphism at the LDL receptor gene locus in patients with cholesterol gallstone disease. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. Polymorphisms at the apoB, apoA-I, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene loci in patients with gallbladder disease. J Lipid Res.
A genome-wide association scan identifies the hepatic cholesterol transporter ABCG8 as a susceptibility factor for human gallstone disease. Nat Genet. Increased gallstone risk in humans conferred by common variant of hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter for cholesterol. Influence of age on secretion of cholesterol and synthesis of bile acids by the liver.
Independent risk factors for gallstone formation in a region with high cholelithiasis prevalence. Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease. Thijs C, Knipschild P. Oral contraceptives and the risk of gallbladder disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.
Oral contraceptives and the risk of gallbladder disease: a comparative safety study. Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history. Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium.
Insulin resistance and incident gallbladder disease in pregnancy. The epidemiology of obesity. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, Erlinger S. Gallstones in obesity and weight loss. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Gallbladder disease in the morbidly obese. Risk of colorectal cancer and other cancers in patients with gall stones.
Prospective study of abdominal adiposity and gallstone disease in US men. Am J Clin Nutr. Predictors of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors comparing gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy.
Weight, diet, and the risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women. Lithogenesis and bile metabolism. Surg Clin North Am. Biliary lipid secretion in cholesterol gallstone disease. The effect of cholecystectomy and obesity. Association of a history of gallbladder disease with a reduced concentration of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol.
Ahlberg J. Serum lipid levels and hyperlipoproteinaemia in gallstone patients. Acta Chir Scand. A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study. Serum lipids and gallstones: a case-control study. Sakuta H, Suzuki T. Plasma total homocysteine and gallstone in middle-aged Japanese men. J Gastroenterol. The metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for gallstone disease.
World J Gastroenterol. The metabolic syndrome is associated with complicated gallstone disease. Can J Gastroenterol. Association of diabetes, serum insulin, and C-peptide with gallbladder disease.
Gallbladder disease is associated with insulin resistance in a high risk Hispanic population. Hepatic insulin resistance directly promotes formation of cholesterol gallstones. Nat Med. Insulin suppresses bile acid synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes by down-regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol hydroxylase gene transcription. Insulin resistance causes human gallbladder dysmotility. Contributions of obesity and weight loss to gallstone disease.
Risk factors for gallstone formation during rapid loss of weight. Gallstone formation and weight loss. Obes Res. Gallstone formation during weight-reduction dieting. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and aspirin on the formation of lithogenic bile and gallstones during loss of weight. The symptoms of gallstones may resemble other conditions or medical problems, such as heart attack, appendicitis, ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, hiatal hernia, pancreatitis, or hepatitis.
Always consult your health care provider for a diagnosis. Obesity is a major risk factor for gallstones, especially in women. Excess estrogen from pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy, or birth control pills appears to increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder movement, both of which can lead to gallstones.
Native Americans have the highest rates of gallstones in this country and seem to have a genetic predisposition to secrete high levels of cholesterol in bile.
People over 60 are more likely to develop gallstones than younger people. Cholesterol-lowering drugs. Drugs that lower cholesterol in blood can actually increase the amount of cholesterol secreted in bile, which, in turn, increases the risk of gallstones.
People with diabetes generally have high levels of fatty acids, called triglycerides, which increase the risk for gallstones. Rapid weight loss. As the body metabolizes fat during rapid weight loss, it causes the liver to secrete extra cholesterol into bile, which can cause gallstones.
Fasting decreases gallbladder movement, which causes the bile to become overconcentrated with cholesterol. In some cases, asymptomatic gallstones are discovered by accident--during testing for another diagnosis.
However, when pain persists or happens again and again, your health care provider may want to conduct a complete medical history and physical examination, in addition to the following diagnostic procedures for gallstones:.
A diagnostic technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the internal organs. X-ray that shows the flow of contrast fluid through the intestines into the gallbladder. Blood tests. A diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images often called slices of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP. A procedure that involves inserting an endoscope viewing tube through the stomach and into the small intestine. A special dye injected during this procedure shows the ducts in the biliary system. Our tremendous staff gives back to our community by coordinating free health screenings, educational programs, and food drives.
Learn more. A leading indicator of our success is the feedback we get from our patients. It is possible to develop gallstones with or without the risk factors listed below. However, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing gallstones. If you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk.
Men older than the age of 60 and women between the ages of 20 and 60 are at increased risk of developing gallstones. Pregnant women are more likely to have gallstones with symptoms. Genetic factors play a role in gallstone disease. There is an increased risk of gallstones among first-degree relatives like a parent or sibling.
Cleveland Clinic website. Accessed September 1, Updated July 22, Updated November Management of gallstones and its related complications. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. Wittenburg H, Lammert F.
Genetic predisposition to gallbladder stones. Semin Liver Dis. Exceptional Nurses Winchester Hospital was the first community hospital in the state to achieve Magnet designation, recognition for nursing excellence.
0コメント